Biological phenomena can be investigated at multiple levels, from the molecular to the
cellular to the organismic to the ecological. In typical biology instruction, these levels have …

Energy consumed for transferring data across the processor memory hierarchy constitutes a
large fraction of total system energy consumption, and this fraction has steadily increased …

There is a growing interest in role-playing activities, both in school classrooms and in the
culture at large. Despite this growing interest, role-playing activities are rare in mathematics …

This report reviews and organizes research about novice programmers. Over the past two
decades, many aspects of novice programming have been investigated, resulting in the …

This paper presents two case studies of learners attempting to make sense of the concept of
normal distribution—in particular, why physical phenomena such as height fall into normal …

Agent-based simulation has been a popular technique in modeling and analyzing electricity
markets in recent years. The main objective of this paper is to study existing agent-based …

Customized visual representations enable end users to achieve their programming goals.
Here, designers work with users to tailor visual programming languages to specific problem …

The blocks programming community has been preoccupied with identifying syntactic
obstacles that keep novices from learning to program. Unfortunately, this focus is now …

Since the late 1960s, program language designers have been trying to develop approaches
to programming computers that succeed with novices. None has gained widespread …

This book is primarily a summary of research done over 10 years in multimedia and virtual
reality, which fits within a wider interest of exploiting psychological theory to improve the …