Abstract Haem oxygenase 1 (HO-1), an inducible enzyme responsible for the breakdown of
haem, is primarily considered an antioxidant, and has long been overlooked by …

The environment, diet, microbiota and body's metabolism shape complex biological
processes in health and disease. However, our understanding of the molecular pathways …

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that is
activated by small molecules provided by the diet, microorganisms, metabolism, and …

ATP, NAD+, and nucleic acids are abundant purines that, in addition to having critical
intracellular functions, have evolved extracellular roles as danger signals released in …

Bilirubin is a component of the heme catabolic pathway that is essential for liver function and
has been shown to reduce hepatic fat accumulation. High plasma bilirubin levels are …

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor initially
identified as the receptor for dioxin. Almost half a century after its discovery, AHR is now …

Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) encompass a wide range of seemingly
unrelated conditions, such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, inflammatory …

Th17 cells are generally considered to be positive regulators of immune responses because
they produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22. Cytokine …

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that induces the
expression of a broad range of downstream genes such as cytochromes P450 enzymes and …

The heme oxygenase (HO) system is essential for heme and iron homeostasis and
necessary for adaptation to cell stress. HO degrades heme to biliverdin (BV), carbon …