The aim of this ESC Guideline is to help health professionals manage people with heart
failure (HF) according to the best available evidence. Fortunately, we now have a wealth of …

The observation that heart failure with reduced ejection fraction is associated with elevated
circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines opened a new area of research that has …

Abstract Document Reviewers: Rudolf A. de Boer (CPG Review Coordinator)(Netherlands),
P. Christian Schulze (CPG Review Coordinator)(Germany), Magdy Abdelhamid (Egypt) …

The task of develo** ESC Guidelines covers not only the integration of the most recent
research, but also the creation of educational tools and implementation programmes for the …

It has long been observed that heart failure (HF) is associated with measures of systemic
inflammation. In recent years, there have been significant advancements in our …

Advances in cardiovascular research have identified oxidative stress as an important
pathophysiological pathway in the development and progression of heart failure. Oxidative …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent production of ROS underlies sustained
oxidative stress, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases …

Nitric oxide (NO) is a small free radical with critical signaling roles in physiology and
pathophysiology. The generation of sufficient NO levels to regulate the resistance of the …

Uric acid, the end-product of purine metabolism in humans, is not only a cause of gout, but
also may play roles in develo** cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, atrial …

During the last century, there has been an increasing prevalence of hyperuricaemia noted in
many populations. While uric acid is usually discussed in the context of gout …