Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are well known for their role in mediating both physiological
and pathophysiological signal transduction. Enzymes and subcellular compartments that …

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are complex entities with heterogenous pathophysiologic
mechanisms and increased oxidative stress has been viewed as one of the potential …

Major reactive oxygen species (ROS)–producing systems in vascular wall include NADPH
(reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidase, xanthine oxidase …

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the vascular system and is the leading
cause of cardiovascular diseases worldwide. Excessive generation of reactive oxygen …

Vascular calcification is associated with a significant increase in all-cause mortality and
atherosclerotic plaque rupture. Calcification has been determined to be an active process …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent production of ROS underlies sustained
oxidative stress, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases …

Nitric oxide (NO) is a small free radical with critical signaling roles in physiology and
pathophysiology. The generation of sufficient NO levels to regulate the resistance of the …

The vascular endothelium is a monolayer of cells between the vessel lumen and the
vascular smooth muscle cells. Nitric oxide (NO) is a soluble gas continuously synthesized …

Endothelial cells (ECs) are more than inert blood vessel lining material. Instead, they are
active players in the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) both in health and (life …

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of mortality worldwide. A better
understanding of the mechanisms underlying CVD is key for better management or …