An emerging body of evidence indicates that secreted proteoglycans act as signaling
molecules, in addition to their canonical function in maintaining and regulating the …

Toll like receptors (TLRs) are present in many different fish families from several different
orders, including cyprinid, salmonid, perciform, pleuronectiform and gadiform …

Inflammation is not only a defensive mechanism against microbial invasion, but also
frequently represents a critical response to tissue injury under sterile conditions. It is now …

The intracellular toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain plays an important role in vertebrate
immunity, but the evolution and function of invertebrate TIR-domain-containing proteins is …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an indispensable role in the immune response for pathogen
recognition and triggering not only innate immunity but also adaptive immunity. Here we …

Background High mobility group protein box 1 (HMGB1) is a DNA binding protein located in
nucleus. It is released into extracellular fluid where it acts as a novel proinflammatory …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of type I integral membrane glycoproteins which play
pivotal roles in innate immunity. In this study, two TLRs named AjTLR3 and AjToll were …

Background Innate immune genes tend to be highly conserved in metazoans, even in early
divergent lineages such as Cnidaria (jellyfish, corals, hydroids and sea anemones) and …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in defense responses to pathogens in
invertebrates. Here we characterize the first TLR isolated from an oligochaete annelid …

Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway, composed of various components, plays pivotal
roles in host innate immune defense mechanism. In the present study, twenty-nine TLR …