Extreme droughts, heat waves, frosts, precipitation, wind storms and other climate extremes
may impact the structure, composition and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems, and thus …

Over the past 3.5 million years, there have been several intervals when climate conditions
were warmer than during the pre-industrial Holocene. Although past intervals of warming …

This Report responds to the invitation for IPCC?... to provide a Special Report in 2018 on the
impacts of global warming of 1.5° C above pre-industrial levels and related global …

Earth's climate history is often understood by breaking it down into constituent climatic
epochs 1. Over the Common Era (the past 2,000 years) these epochs, such as the Little Ice …

This chapter addresses the biogeochemical cycles of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4),
and nitrous oxide (N2O). The three greenhouse gases have increased in the atmosphere …

This chapter assesses the causes of observed changes assessed in Chapters 2 to 5 and
uses understanding of physical processes, climate models and statistical approaches. The …

The evolution of industrial-era warming across the continents and oceans provides a context
for future climate change and is important for determining climate sensitivity and the …

The purpose of this study was to evaluate 10 process‐based terrestrial biosphere models
that were used for the IPCC fifth Assessment Report. The simulated gross primary …

We upscaled FLUXNET observations of carbon dioxide, water, and energy fluxes to the
global scale using the machine learning technique, model tree ensembles (MTE). We …

Climate variations influenced the agricultural productivity, health risk, and conflict level of
preindustrial societies. Discrimination between environmental and anthropogenic impacts …