Cell death is an essential biological process for physiological growth and development.
Three classical forms of cell death—apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis—display distinct …

Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 is part of the Janus kinase
(JAK)/STAT signalling cascade and is best known for its essential role in mediating …

Pancreatic cancer, characterized by a dismal prognosis and limited treatment options,
persists as a formidable challenge in oncology. Trophoblast cell surface antigen 2 (TROP2) …

The use of ginsenosides in cancer therapy has been intensively investigated. The
ginsenoside Rh4 (Rh4), a rare saponin obtained from Panax notoginseng, dissolves in …

Aims Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic and degenerative joint disease prevalent in the elderly,
which is characterized by hypertrophy and reactive hyperplasia of articular cartilage …

Osteosarcoma is a common primary malignant bone tumor, the cure rate of which has
stagnated over the past 25–30 years. Arsenic sulfide (As 2 S 2), the main active ingredient of …

Cathepsin S is a lysosomal cysteine protease that is overexpressed in various cancer
models and plays important role in tumorigenesis, however the mechanisms are unclear. In …

Apelin is highly expressed in the lungs, especially in the pulmonary vasculature, but the
functional role of apelin under pathological conditions is still undefined. Hypoxic pulmonary …

Autophagy is a highly conserved cellular process responsible for recycling of intracellular
material. It is induced by different stress signals, including starvation, cytokines, and …

The antitumor enzyme asparaginase, which targets essential amino acid L-asparagine and
catalyzes it to L-aspartic acid and ammonia, has been used for years in the treatment of …