Climatic extremes are becoming increasingly common against a background trend of global
warming. In the oceans, marine heatwaves (MHWs)—discrete periods of anomalously warm …

Blue carbon ecosystems (BCEs), including mangrove forests, seagrass meadows and tidal
marshes, store carbon and provide co-benefits such as coastal protection and fisheries …

Ocean and coastal ecosystems support life on Earth and many aspects of human well-being.
Covering two-thirds of the planet, the ocean hosts vast biodiversity and modulates the global …

Marine foundation species are the biotic basis for many of the world's coastal ecosystems,
providing structural habitat, food, and protection for myriad plants and animals as well as …

BACKGROUND Anthropogenic climate change is altering the structure and functioning of
ecosystems globally. The upper layers of the oceans have absorbed> 90% of the excess …

Abstract The Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KM-GBF) provides a major
impetus for the restoration and conservation of blue carbon ecosystems to address the …

The ocean is a key component of the Earth system (Chapter 1) as it provides essential life
supporting services (Inniss et al. 2017). For example, it stores heat trapped in the …

Marine heatwaves (MHWs)—periods of extremely high ocean temperatures in specific
regions—have occurred in all of Earth's ocean basins over the past two decades, with …

Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are prolonged extreme oceanic warm water events. They can
have devastating impacts on marine ecosystems—for example, causing mass coral …

Globally, collapse of ecosystems—potentially irreversible change to ecosystem structure,
composition and function—imperils biodiversity, human health and well‐being. We examine …