Mechanisms and consequences of sex differences in immune responses

SE Dunn, WA Perry, SL Klein - Nature Reviews Nephrology, 2024 - nature.com
Biological sex differences refer to differences between males and females caused by the sex
chromosome complement (that is, XY or XX), reproductive tissues (that is, the presence of …

Sex differences in sequelae from COVID-19 infection and in long COVID syndrome: a review

SV Sylvester, R Rusu, B Chan, M Bellows… - Current Medical …, 2022 - Taylor & Francis
Objective We conducted literature reviews to uncover differential effects of sex on sequelae
from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and on long COVID syndrome. Methods Two …

Differences across the lifespan between females and males in the top 20 causes of disease burden globally: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease …

V Patwardhan, GF Gil, A Arrieta, J Cagney… - The Lancet Public …, 2024 - thelancet.com
Background Sex and gender shape health. There is a growing body of evidence focused on
comprehensively and systematically examining the magnitude, persistence, and nature of …

Intersectional inequalities in science

D Kozlowski, V Larivière, CR Sugimoto… - Proceedings of the …, 2022 - pnas.org
The US scientific workforce is primarily composed of White men. Studies have demonstrated
the systemic barriers preventing women and other minoritized populations from gaining …

An analysis of neuroscience and psychiatry papers published from 2009 and 2019 outlines opportunities for increasing discovery of sex differences

RK Rechlin, TFL Splinter, TE Hodges, AY Albert… - Nature …, 2022 - nature.com
Sex differences exist in many neurological and psychiatric diseases, but these have not
always been addressed adequately in research. In order to address this, it is necessary to …

Systemic racial disparities in funding rates at the National Science Foundation

CY Chen, SS Kahanamoku, A Tripati, RA Alegado… - Elife, 2022 - elifesciences.org
Concerns about systemic racism at academic and research institutions have increased over
the past decade. Here, we investigate data from the National Science Foundation (NSF), a …

Sex and gender analysis improves science and engineering

C Tannenbaum, RP Ellis, F Eyssel, J Zou… - Nature, 2019 - nature.com
The goal of sex and gender analysis is to promote rigorous, reproducible and responsible
science. Incorporating sex and gender analysis into experimental design has enabled …

Analysis of female enrollment and participant sex by burden of disease in US clinical trials between 2000 and 2020

JR Steinberg, BE Turner, BT Weeks… - JAMA Network …, 2021 - jamanetwork.com
Importance Although female representation has increased in clinical trials, little is known
about how clinical trial representation compares with burden of disease or is associated with …

Gender inequality and restrictive gender norms: framing the challenges to health

L Heise, ME Greene, N Opper, M Stavropoulou… - The Lancet, 2019 - thelancet.com
Gender is not accurately captured by the traditional male and female dichotomy of sex.
Instead, it is a complex social system that structures the life experience of all human beings …

Who do we invent for? Patents by women focus more on women's health, but few women get to invent

R Koning, S Samila, JP Ferguson - Science, 2021 - science.org
Women engage in less commercial patenting and invention than do men, which may affect
what is invented. Using text analysis of all US biomedical patents filed from 1976 through …