Most mitochondrial proteins are synthesized on cytosolic ribosomes and must be imported
across one or both mitochondrial membranes. There is an amazingly versatile set of …

Initially discovered in the context of photosynthesis, regulation by change in the redox state
of thiol groups (S− S↔ 2SH) is now known to occur throughout biology. Several systems …

Abstract RcsC, RcsB, and RcsA were first identified as a sensor kinase, a response
regulator, and an auxiliary regulatory protein, respectively, regulating the genes of capsular …

RcsB, a response regulator of the FixJ/NarL family, is at the center of a complex network of
regulatory inputs and outputs. Cell surface stress is sensed by an outer membrane …

Antimicrobial levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by the mammalian host
defense to kill invading bacteria and limit bacterial colonization. One main in vivo target of …

Pathogenic strains of bacteria are often highly adept at evading serum-induced cell death,
which is an essential complement-mediated component of the innate immune response …

Interest in protein disulfide bond formation has recently increased because of the prominent
role of disulfide bonds in bacterial virulence and survival. The first discovered pathway that …

The thioredoxin system, composed of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), thioredoxin (Trx), and
NADPH, exerts a wide range of activities in cellular redox control, antioxidant function, cell …

Disulfide bonds are covalent bonds formed post-translationally by the oxidation of a pair of
cysteines. A disulfide bond can serve structural, catalytic, and signaling roles. However …

If DNA is the information of life, then proteins are the machines of life—but they must be
assembled and correctly folded to function. A key step in the protein-folding pathway is the …