Our understanding of the ubiquitin code has greatly evolved from conventional E1, E2 and
E3 enzymes that modify Lys residues on specific substrates with a single type of ubiquitin …

Bacteria of the genus Legionella are natural pathogens of amoebae that can cause a severe
pneumonia in humans called Legionnaires' Disease. Human disease results from inhalation …

The intracellular bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila modulates host cell functions
by secreting multiple effectors with diverse biochemical activities. In particular, effectors of …

INTRODUCTION The mammalian intestinal tract is colonized with bacteria, fungi, viruses,
and parasites, which present a diverse array of immunological challenges. A number of …

The family of bacterial SidE enzymes catalyses phosphoribosyl-linked serine ubiquitination
and promotes infectivity of Legionella pneumophila, a pathogenic bacteria that causes …

The bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila creates an intracellular niche permissive
for its replication by extensively modulating host-cell functions using hundreds of effector …

Protein kinases are present in all domains of life and play diverse roles in cellular signaling.
Whereas the impact of substrate phosphorylation by protein kinases has long been …

Ubiquitination/ubiquitylation, one of the most fundamental post-translational modifications,
regulates almost every critical cellular process in eukaryotes. Emerging evidence has shown …

Through coevolution with host cells, microorganisms have acquired mechanisms to avoid
the detection by the host surveillance system and to use the cell's supplies to establish …

Xenophagy is an evolutionarily conserved host defensive mechanism to eliminate invading
microorganisms through autophagic machinery. The intracellular bacterial pathogen …