Parents that kill and consume their offspring often appear to be acting against their own
reproductive interests. Yet parent–offspring cannibalism is common and taxonomically …

How organs originate and evolve is a question fundamental to understanding the evolution
of complex multicellular life forms. Vertebrates have a relatively standard body plan with …

The ecological and life history drivers of the diversification of reproductive modes in early
vertebrates are not fully understood. Sharks, rays and chimaeras (group Chondrichthyes) …

The seahorses, pipefishes and seadragons (Syngnathidae) are among the few vertebrates
in which pregnant males incubate develo** embryos. Syngnathids are popular in studies …

To understand evolutionary transformations it is necessary to identify the character states of
extinct ancestors. Ancestral character state reconstruction is inherently difficult because it …

Reproduction involves considerable reorganization in an organism's physiology that incurs
potential toxicity for cells (eg, oxidative stress) and decrease in fitness. This framework has …

The source of embryonic nutrition for development varies across teleost fishes. A
parentotrophy index (ratio of neonate: ovulated egg dry mass) is often used to determine …

Vertebrates that incubate embryos on or within the body cavity exhibit diverse strategies to
provide nutrients to develo** embryos, ranging from lecithotrophy (solely yolk-provided …

Reproducing sharks must provide their offspring with an adequate supply of nutrients to
complete embryonic development. In oviparous (egg-laying) sharks, offspring develop …

In brief Seahorses exhibit male pregnancy and are thus valuable comparative models for the
study of the physiology and evolution of pregnancy. This study shows that protein is …