The warming and thawing of ice-rich permafrost pose considerable threat to the integrity of
polar and high-altitude infrastructure, in turn jeopardizing sustainable development. In this …

Arctic coasts are vulnerable to the effects of climate change, including rising sea levels and
the loss of permafrost, sea ice and glaciers. Assessing the influence of anthropogenic …

Extreme event attribution aims to elucidate the link between global climate change, extreme
weather events, and the harms experienced on the ground by people, property, and nature …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

Arctic rivers drain~ 15% of the global land surface and significantly influence local
communities and economies, freshwater and marine ecosystems, and global climate …

The Arctic is rapidly warming and experiencing tremendous changes in sea ice, ocean and
terrestrial regions. Lack of long-term scientific observations makes it difficult to assess …

Rapid Arctic warming has intensified northern wildfires and is thawing carbon-rich
permafrost. Carbon emissions from permafrost thaw and Arctic wildfires, which are not fully …

Abstract The Russian invasion of Ukraine hampers the ability to adequately describe
conditions across the Arctic, thus biasing the view on Arctic change. Here we benchmark the …

The greatest impacts of climate change on ecosystems, wildlife and humans often arise from
extreme events rather than changes in climatic means. Northern high latitudes, including the …

The frequency of climate extremes will change in response to shifts in both mean climate
and climate variability. These individual contributions, and thus the fundamental …