The study of sex differences in the brain is a topic of neuroscientific study that has broad
reaching implications for culture, society and biomedical science. Recent research in rodent …

Microglial cells are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) and are
mainly known for their roles in neuropathologies. However, major recent developments have …

Microglia, the resident innate immune cells in the brain, have long been understood to be
crucial to maintenance in the nervous system, by clearing debris, monitoring for infiltration of …

The EP4 prostanoid receptor is one of four receptor subtypes for prostaglandin E 2. It
belongs to the family of G protein–coupled receptors. It was originally identified, similar to …

The male bias in autism spectrum disorder incidence is among the most extreme of all
neuropsychiatric disorders, yet the origins of the sex difference remain obscure …

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) displays a notable male bias in prevalence. Research into
rare (< 0.1) genetic variants on the X chromosome has implicated over 20 genes in ASD …

Rapid advances in the neural control of social behavior highlight the role of interconnected
nodes engaged in differential information processing to generate behavior. Many innate …

Testicular androgens during the perinatal period play an important role in the sexual
differentiation of the brain of rodents. Testicular androgens transported into the brain act via …

This article is part of a Special Issue “SBN 2014”. Discerning the biologic origins of
neuroanatomical sex differences has been of interest since they were first reported in the …

Establishment of enduring sex differences in brain and behavior occurs during pre-or
perinatal development, depending on species. For over 50 years the focus has been on …