Numerous modern technological and scientific advances have changed the vaccine
industry. However, nearly 70 years of influenza vaccine usage have passed without …

Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of subtype H5N1 are remarkable because of their
expanding non-avian host range and wide tissue tropism. They have caused severe or fatal …

Since late 2021, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of A/goose/Guangdong/1/
1996 (H5N1) lineage have caused widespread mortality in wild birds and poultry in the …

Many aspects of the biology and epidemiology of influenza B viruses are far less studied
than for influenza A viruses, and one of these aspects is efficacy and resistance to the …

We investigated the relationship of memory CD4+ T cells with the evolution of influenza virus-
specific CD4+ T cell responses in healthy young and elderly people. Elderly individuals had …

To the Editor: Until 1999, influenza B virus was considered to infect humans only. However,
more recent data proved that harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and gray seals (Halichoerus …

In contrast to influenza A viruses, which have been investigated extensively, influenza B
viruses have attracted relatively little attention. However, influenza B viruses are an …

The impacts of climate change on the health of marine mammals are increasingly being
recognised. Given the rapid rate of environmental change in the Arctic, the potential …

ABSTRACT Introduction Influenza B viruses (IBV) cause a significant health and economic
burden annually. Due to lower antigenic drift rate, less extensive antigenic diversity, and lack …

Influenza B virus (IBV) causes seasonal epidemics in humans. Although IBV has been
isolated from seals, humans are considered the primary host and reservoir of this important …