Rapid Arctic environmental change affects the entire Earth system as thawing permafrost
ecosystems release greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Understanding how much …

Life on Earth comes in many forms, but all life-forms share a common element in carbon. It is
the basic building block of biology, and by trap** radiation it also plays an important role …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

The mountain cryosphere of mainland Europe is recognized to have important impacts on a
range of environmental processes. In this paper, we provide an overview on the current …

We conducted a model-based assessment of changes in permafrost area and carbon
storage for simulations driven by RCP4. 5 and RCP8. 5 projections between 2010 and 2299 …

Degradation of near-surface permafrost can pose a serious threat to the utilization of natural
resources, and to the sustainable development of Arctic communities. Here we identify at …

High-latitude and high-altitude regions contain vast stores of permafrost carbon. Climate
warming may result in the release of CO2 from both the thawing of permafrost and …

The regional variability in tundra and boreal carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes can be high,
complicating efforts to quantify sink‐source patterns across the entire region. Statistical …

Soil organic carbon (SOC) stored in permafrost across the high-latitude/altitude Northern
Hemisphere represents an important potential carbon source under future warming. Here …

In recent years, significant efforts have been made to upgrade physical processes in the
ISBA‐CTRIP land surface system for use in fully coupled climate studies using the new …