Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) studies represent a fundamental
step in the early stages of drug discovery. In particular, the absorption of orally administered …

In the development of central nervous system (CNS) drugs, the blood–brain barrier (BBB)
restricts many drugs from entering the brain to exert therapeutic effects. Although many …

Although doxorubicin (DOX) is an effective anti-cancer drug with cytotoxicity in a variety of
different tumors, its effectiveness in treating glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is constrained by …

The endothelial cells lining the brain capillaries separate the blood from the brain
parenchyma. The endothelial monolayer of the brain capillaries serves both as a crucial …

The brain is well protected against microbial invasion by cellular barriers, such as the blood-
brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). In addition, cells …

Background Reliable human in vitro blood–brain barrier (BBB) models suitable for high-
throughput screening are urgently needed in early drug discovery and development for …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is composed of brain endothelial cells, pericytes, and
astrocytes, which build a tight cellular barrier. Therapeutic (macro) molecules are not able to …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) represents the tightest endothelial barrier within the
cardiovascular system characterized by very low ionic permeability. Our aim was to describe …

A common bottleneck in any drug development process is finding sufficiently accurate
models that capture key aspects of disease development and progression. Conventional …

During the research and development of new drugs directed at the central nervous system,
there is a considerable attrition rate caused by their hampered access to the brain by the …