Mechanisms behind the phenomenon of Arctic amplification are widely discussed. To
contribute to this debate, the (AC) 3 project was established in 2016 (www. ac3-tr. de/). It …

With the Arctic rapidly changing, the needs to observe, understand, and model the changes
are essential. To support these needs, an annual cycle of observations of atmospheric …

The rapid melt of snow and sea ice during the Arctic summer provides a significant source of
low-salinity meltwater to the surface ocean on the local scale. The accumulation of this …

Melt ponds on sea ice play an important role in the Arctic climate system. Their presence
alters the partitioning of solar radiation: decreasing reflection, increasing absorption and …

Sea ice thickness is a key parameter in the polar climate and ecosystem. Thermodynamic
and dynamic processes alter the sea ice thickness. The Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory …

Sea ice growth and decay are critical processes in the Arctic climate system, but
comprehensive observations are very sparse. We analyzed data from 23 sea ice mass …

Photosynthesis is one of the most important biological processes on Earth, providing the
main source of bioavailable energy, carbon, and oxygen via the use of sunlight. Despite this …

The magnitude, spectral composition, and variability of the Arctic sea ice surface albedo are
key to understanding and numerically simulating Earth's shortwave energy budget. Spectral …

As Arctic sea ice deteriorates, more light enters the ocean, causing largely unknown effects
on the ecosystem. Using an autonomous biophysical observatory, we recorded zooplankton …

Melt ponds forming on Arctic sea ice in summer significantly reduce the surface albedo and
impact the heat and mass balance of the sea ice. Therefore, their areal coverage, which can …