The problem of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria has reached a crisis level.
The treatment options against infections caused by multiple drug-resistant bacteria are …

Chronic and recurrent bacterial infections are frequently associated with the formation of
biofilms on biotic or abiotic materials that are composed of mono-or multi-species cultures of …

Tripartite efflux pumps and the related type 1 secretion systems (T1SSs) in Gram-negative
organisms are diverse in function, energization, and structural organization. They form …

Infections arising from multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria are spreading rapidly
throughout the world and threaten to become untreatable. The origins of resistance are …

Multidrug efflux pumps are inner membrane transporters that export multiple antibiotics from
the inside to the outside of bacterial cells, contributing to bacterial multidrug resistance …

Antibiotic resistance is currently one of the most important public health problems. The
golden age of antibiotic discovery ended decades ago, and new approaches are urgently …

Antibiotic (antibacterial) resistance is a serious global problem and the need for new
treatments is urgent. The current antibiotic discovery model is not delivering new agents at a …

As more environmental contaminants emerging, antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes
(ARGs) have caused a substantial increase of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in …

Antibiotic resistance (AR) is a silent pandemic that kills millions worldwide. Although the
development of new therapeutic agents against antibiotic resistance is in urgent demand …

Efflux is a natural process found in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that removes a
diverse range of substrates from inside to outside. Many antibiotics are substrates of …