Cancers represent complex ecosystems comprising tumor cells and a multitude of non-
cancerous cells, embedded in an altered extracellular matrix. The tumor microenvironment …

Despite recent therapeutic advances in cancer treatment, metastasis remains the principal
cause of cancer death. Recent work has uncovered the unique biology of metastasis …

For a blood-borne cancer therapeutic agent to be effective, it must cross the blood vessel
wall to reach cancer cells in adequate quantities, and it must overcome the resistance …

Inflammation predisposes to the development of cancer and promotes all stages of
tumorigenesis. Cancer cells, as well as surrounding stromal and inflammatory cells, engage …

Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies among women throughout the world
and is the major cause of most cancer-related deaths. Several explanations account for the …

Bone is the most common site of metastasis, and although low proliferation and
immunoediting at the early stage make existing treatment modalities less effective, the …

Metastasis—the disseminated growth of tumours in distant organs—underlies cancer
mortality. Breast-to-brain metastasis (B2BM) is a common and disruptive form of cancer and …

An estimated 20% of all patients with cancer will develop brain metastases, with the majority
of brain metastases occurring in those with lung, breast and colorectal cancers, melanoma …

Metastases account for the great majority of cancer-associated deaths, yet this complex
process remains the least understood aspect of cancer biology. As the body of research …

It is well established that organs of future metastasis are not passive receivers of circulating
tumour cells, but are instead selectively and actively modified by the primary tumour before …