Palaeontologists characterize mass extinctions as times when the Earth loses more than
three-quarters of its species in a geologically short interval, as has happened only five times …

Theory regarding the causation of mass extinctions is in need of systematization, which is
the focus of this contribution. Every mass extinction has both an ultimate cause, ie the trigger …

Ocean warming and acidification, decreases in dissolved oxygen concentrations, and
changes in primary production are causing an unprecedented global redistribution of marine …

The rate of primary productivity is a keystone variable in driving biogeochemical cycles
today and has been throughout Earth's past. 1 For example, it plays a critical role in …

Clonal evolution is a key feature of cancer progression and relapse. We studied intratumoral
heterogeneity in 149 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cases by integrating whole-exome …

Adaptive radiation refers to diversification from an ancestral species that produces
descendants adapted to use a great variety of distinct ecological niches. In this review, I …

Coral reefs, with their millions of species, have changed profoundly because of the effects of
people, and will continue to do so for the foreseeable future. Reefs are subject to many of …

The geological record preserves evidence for two fundamental stages in the evolution of
Earth's biosphere, a microbial stage from~ 3.5 to 0.65 Ga, and a metazoan stage evident by …

▪ Abstract It has often been argued that conserving biodiversity is necessary for maintaining
ecosystem functioning. We critically evaluate the current evidence for this argument …

Non-small-cell lung cancer is often diagnosed at the metastatic stage, with median survival
of just 1 year. The identification of driver mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor …