A goal of phylogeography is to relate patterns of genetic differentiation to potential historical
geographic isolating events. Quaternary glaciations, particularly the one culminating in the …

Mitochondrial genes have been used extensively in population genetic and
phylogeographical analyses, in part due to a high rate of nucleotide substitution in animal …

Phylogeography is a discipline concerned with various relationships between gene
genealogies—phylogenetics—and geography. The word “phylogeography” was coined in …

Understanding how geography, oceanography, and climate have ultimately shaped marine
biodiversity requires aligning the distributions of genetic diversity across multiple taxa. Here …

The VitalBook e-book version of Biology of Fishes is only available only in the US and
Canada at the present time. To purchase or rent please visit https://store. vitalsource …

Many benthic marine invertebrates develop by means of free-living, dispersive larval stages.
The presumed advantages of such larvae include the avoidance of competition for …

After a 12-million-year (My) process, the Central American Isthmus was completed 2.8 My
ago. Its emergence affected current flow, salinity, temperature, and primary productivity of …

Geographical surveys of genetic variation provide an indirect means of tracing movements
made between marine populations by larvae and other propagules. Genetic markers can …

The ranges of many tropical marine species overlap in a centre of maximum marine
biodiversity, which is located in the Indo-Malayan region. Because this centre includes …

The tools of molecular genetics have enormous potential for clarifying the nature and age of
species boundaries in marine organisms. Below I summarize the genetic implications of …