Employing electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in new wireless communication and sensing
technologies has substantially increased the level of human exposure to EMF waves. This …

BACKGROUND Wireless communication devices (ie, cellular phones, digital wireless
phones, wireless terminals, etc.) communi cate with base-stations using radio-frequency …

This paper provides a survey and tutorial of electromagnetic (EM) radiation exposure and
reduction in mobile communication systems. EM radiation exposure has received a fair …

With the massive increase in the popularity of smartphones and mobile data applications
demanding bandwidth requiring data rates of the order of Gb/s, exploration of untapped …

We investigate the impact of smart antennas on specific absorption rates (SAR) at 1.9 GHz.
We emulate the operation of the smart antennas by utilizing a mobile telephone prototype …

Portable wireless devices used in close proximity to the human body have transmitter power
constraints that are dictated in part by regulatory limits on a form of electromagnetic …

Adding an external shield to mobile phones is one of the common methods adopted for the
reduction of the specific absorption rate (SAR), which is the safety level of human exposure …

Mobile handsets, classified as portable devices, are regulated on the amount of user
electromagnetic exposure. The widely accepted exposure measurement is the specific …

Fifth generation (5G) and beyond cellular systems are expected to support multiple uplink
transmit antennas. Previous research demonstrates that designing waveforms satisfying …

This paper reviews the different methods employed in the last years for the development of
low specific absorption rate (SAR) antennas inside portable terminals of mobile phone …