Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a global health problem with increasing prevalence and association
with an enormous medical and socioeconomic burden. New recognition of immune cells …

Mucus and its movements are essential to epithelial tissue immune defenses against
pathogens, including fungal pathogens, which can infect respiratory, gastrointestinal or the …

Uncontrolled severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is associated with
elevated levels of type 2 inflammatory cytokines and raised immunoglobulin concentrations …

Mutated and unmutated IgE and IgG play different and partly opposing roles in allergy
development, but the mechanisms controlling their relative production are incompletely …

Background Biologic therapies inhibiting the IL-4 or IL-5 pathways are very effective in the
treatment of asthma and other related conditions. However, the cytokines IL-4 and IL-5 also …

Immunoglobulin (Ig) E is central to the pathogenesis of allergic conditions, including allergic
fungal rhinosinusitis. However, little is known about IgE antibody secreting cells (ASCs). We …

The existence of long‐lived IgE antibody‐secreting cells (ASC) is contentious, with the
maintenance of sensitization by the continuous differentiation of short‐lived IgE+ ASC a …

Despite the near ubiquitous presence of Ig‐based antibodies in vertebrates, IgE is unique to
mammals. How and why it emerged remains mysterious. IgE expression is greatly …

The essential role of B cells is to produce protective immunoglobulins (Ig) that recognize,
neutralize, and clear invading pathogens. This results from the integration of signals …

Abstract Interleukin (IL)‐5 is the key cytokine in the maturation, activation, proliferation,
migration and survival of eosinophils, which are key effector cells in many upper and lower …