Precipitation downscaling improves the coarse resolution and poor representation of
precipitation in global climate models and helps end users to assess the likely hydrological …

Determining how El Niño and its impacts may change over the next 10 to 100 years remains
a difficult scientific challenge. Ocean-atmosphere coupled general circulation models …

El Niño events differ substantially in their spatial pattern and intensity. Canonical Eastern
Pacific El Niño events have sea surface temperature anomalies that are strongest in the far …

Errors of coupled general circulation models (CGCMs) limit their utility for climate prediction
and projection. Origins of and feedback for tropical biases are investigated in the historical …

This chapter assesses the capacity of the global climate models used elsewhere in this
report for projecting future climate change. Confidence in model estimates of future climate …

To characterize the nature of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), sea surface temperature
(SST) anomalies in different regions of the Pacific have been used. An optimal …

This study examines the double–intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) problem in the
coupled general circulation models (CGCMs) participating in the Intergovernmental Panel …

This paper describes the mean ocean circulation and the tropical variability simulated by the
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M) coupled atmosphere–ocean general …

The overall skill of ENSO prediction in retrospective forecasts made with ten different
coupled GCMs is investigated. The coupled GCM datasets of the APCC/CliPAS and …

This study mainly introduces the development of the Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-
Land System Model: Grid-point Version 2 (FGOALS-g2) and the preliminary evaluations of …