Comparative research on shadow education: Achievements, challenges, and the agenda ahead

W Zhang, M Bray - European Journal of education, 2020 - Wiley Online Library
This paper reviews research on private supplementary tutoring, widely known as shadow
education, during the initial decades of the present century. It takes as its starting point the …

Learning beyond the school walls: Trends and implications

H Park, C Buchmann, J Choi… - Annual Review of …, 2016 - annualreviews.org
Academically-focused learning activities beyond formal schooling are expanding in myriad
forms throughout the world. This diverse realm of learning activities includes private …

Influences of shadow education on the ecology of education–A review of the literature

J Luo, CKY Chan - Educational Research Review, 2022 - Elsevier
Shadow education, also widely known as private tutoring or supplementary education, has
attracted increasing research attention in the past two decades. The global expansion of …

Associations of private tutoring with Chinese students' academic achievement, emotional well-being, and parent-child relationship

X Zheng, C Wang, Z Shen, X Fang - Children and Youth Services Review, 2020 - Elsevier
Private tutoring has become a remarkable feature around the world, particularly in East Asia.
While much of the studies have focused on the effect of private tutoring on student academic …

Causal inference on education policies: A survey of empirical studies using PISA, TIMSS and PIRLS

JM Cordero, V Cristóbal… - Journal of Economic …, 2018 - Wiley Online Library
The identification of the causal effects of educational policies is the top priority in recent
education economics literature. As a result, a shift can be observed in the strategies of …

Hyper education: Why good schools, good grades, and good behavior are not enough

P Dhingra - Hyper Education, 2020 - degruyter.com
Beyond soccer leagues, music camps, and drama lessons, today's youth are in an education
arms race that begins in elementary school. In Hyper Education, Pawan Dhingra uncovers …

Measurement issues in research on shadow education: Challenges and pitfalls encountered in TIMSS and PISA

M Bray, MN Kobakhidze - Comparative Education Review, 2014 - journals.uchicago.edu
Expanding numbers of researchers are focusing on the scale and impact of private
supplementary tutoring. Such tutoring is widely called shadow education, since much of its …

ICT use at home for school-related tasks: What is the effect on a student's achievement? Empirical evidence from OECD PISA data

T Agasisti, M Gil-Izquierdo, SW Han - Education Economics, 2020 - Taylor & Francis
In this paper, we have employed data from the OECD's Programme for International Student
Assessment (PISA, 2012 edition) on the EU-15 countries in order to investigate the effect of …

The challenges of measuring outside-school-time educational activities: Experiences and lessons from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)

M Bray, MN Kobakhidze… - Comparative Education …, 2020 - journals.uchicago.edu
Recent years have brought a major shift in the field of international comparative education
with the rise of quantitative assessments of student achievement. Within these studies …

Regulating private tutoring consumption in Korea: Lessons from another failure

H Choi, Á Choi - International Journal of Educational Development, 2016 - Elsevier
The proliferation of private tutoring is a widespread phenomenon, Korea being one the most
notable examples. Indeed, successive Korean governments have attempted to limit private …