Inflammation and post‐traumatic stress disorder

H Hori, Y Kim - Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 2019‏ - Wiley Online Library
While post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is currently diagnosed based solely on classic
psychological and behavioral symptoms, a growing body of evidence has highlighted a link …

Stress-related and basic determinants of hair cortisol in humans: A meta-analysis

T Stalder, S Steudte-Schmiedgen, N Alexander… - …, 2017‏ - Elsevier
The analysis of hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) is a relatively new strategy to measure
long-term cumulative cortisol levels, which is increasingly used in …

Modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by early life stress exposure

M Van Bodegom, JR Homberg… - Frontiers in cellular …, 2017‏ - frontiersin.org
Exposure to stress during critical periods in development can have severe long-term
consequences, increasing overall risk on psychopathology. One of the key stress response …

Inflammation in fear-and anxiety-based disorders: PTSD, GAD, and beyond

V Michopoulos, A Powers, CF Gillespie… - …, 2017‏ - nature.com
The study of inflammation in fear-and anxiety-based disorders has gained interest as
growing literature indicates that pro-inflammatory markers can directly modulate affective …

Psychedelics in psychiatry: neuroplastic, immunomodulatory, and neurotransmitter mechanisms

A Inserra, D De Gregorio, G Gobbi - Pharmacological Reviews, 2021‏ - Elsevier
Mounting evidence suggests safety and efficacy of psychedelic compounds as potential
novel therapeutics in psychiatry. Ketamine has been approved by the Food and Drug …

Posttraumatic stress disorder in refugees

RA Bryant, A Nickerson, N Morina… - Annual review of clinical …, 2023‏ - annualreviews.org
The number of refugees and internally displaced people in 2022 is the largest since World
War II, and meta-analyses demonstrate that these people experience elevated rates of …

Biological markers for anxiety disorders, OCD and PTSD: A consensus statement. Part II: Neurochemistry, neurophysiology and neurocognition

B Bandelow, D Baldwin, M Abelli… - The World Journal of …, 2017‏ - Taylor & Francis
Objective: Biomarkers are defined as anatomical, biochemical or physiological traits that are
specific to certain disorders or syndromes. The objective of this paper is to summarise the …

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in PTSD: Pathophysiology and treatment interventions

BW Dunlop, A Wong - Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and …, 2019‏ - Elsevier
Questions of how altered functioning of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis
contribute to the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) …

If it goes up, must it come down? Chronic stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in humans.

GE Miller, E Chen, ES Zhou - Psychological bulletin, 2007‏ - psycnet.apa.org
The notion that chronic stress fosters disease by activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-
adrenocortical (HPA) axis is featured prominently in many theories. The research linking …

The cortisol awakening response (CAR): facts and future directions

E Fries, L Dettenborn, C Kirschbaum - International journal of …, 2009‏ - Elsevier
In humans, the secretion of cortisol from the adrenal glands follows a diurnal cycle with a
profound increase after awakening. This increase after awakening, a phenomenon termed …