We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of
atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes …

Equilibrium climate sensitivity characterizes the Earth's long-term global temperature
response to increased atmospheric CO2 concentration. It has reached almost iconic status …

General circulation models (GCMs) are the foundation of weather and climate prediction,.
GCMs are physics-based simulators that combine a numerical solver for large-scale …

Equilibrium climate sensitivity, the global surface temperature response to CO doubling, has
been persistently uncertain. Recent consensus places it likely within 1.5–4.5 K. Global …

Marine low clouds strongly cool the planet. How this cooling effect will respond to climate
change is a leading source of uncertainty in climate sensitivity, the planetary warming …

Abstract The Community Earth System Model Version 2 (CESM2) has an equilibrium climate
sensitivity (ECS) of 5.3 K. ECS is an emergent property of both climate feedbacks and …

Global climate models represent small-scale processes such as convection using subgrid
models known as parameterizations, and these parameterizations contribute substantially to …

Climate projections continue to be marred by large uncertainties, which originate in
processes that need to be parameterized, such as clouds, convection, and ecosystems. But …

Equilibrium climate sensitivity refers to the ultimate change in global mean temperature in
response to a change in external forcing. Despite decades of research attempting to narrow …

Stratocumulus clouds cover 20% of the low-latitude oceans and are especially prevalent in
the subtropics. They cool the Earth by shading large portions of its surface from sunlight …