Biological differences between males and females are found at multiple levels. However,
females have too often been under-represented in behavioral neuroscience research, which …

Social behavior encompasses a number of distinctive and complex constructs that form the
core elements of human imitative culture, mainly represented as either affiliative or …

Female animals in biomedical research have traditionally been excluded from research
studies due to the perceived added complexity caused by the estrus cycle. However, given …

Estrogens are the hormones of reproduction in women as well as of many other important
functions in the male and female body. They undergo significant changes in the different …

Sex differences in the function of the hippocampus have been observed in numerous
mammalian species. However, the magnitude, extent, and specificity of these differences are …

Neurogenesis within the adult hippocampus is modulated by endogenous and exogenous
factors. Here, we review the role of sex hormones in the regulation of adult hippocampal …

The main estrogens: estradiol, estrone, and their acyl-esters have been studied essentially
related to their classical estrogenic and pharmacologic functions. However, their main effect …

Abstract The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has required the inclusion of women in
clinical studies since 1993, which has enhanced our understanding of how biological sex …

Sexual and aggressive behaviors are fundamental to animal survival and reproduction. The
medial preoptic nucleus (MPN) and ventrolateral part of the ventromedial hypothalamus …

Millions of women worldwide use oral contraceptives ('the pill'; OCs), often starting at a
pubertal age when their brains are in a crucial developmental stage. Research into the …