We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of
atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes …

Abstract Groundwater 18O/16O, 2H/1H, 13C/12C, 3H, and 14C data can help quantify
molecular movements and chemical reactions governing groundwater recharge, quality …

Abstract The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), one of the best studied palaeoclimatic intervals,
offers an excellent opportunity to investigate how the climate system responds to changes in …

Climate warming during the course of the twenty-first century is projected to be between 1.0
and 3.7° C depending on future greenhouse gas emissions, based on the ensemble-mean …

The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM,~ 21,000 years ago) has been a major focus for evaluating
how well state-of-the-art climate models simulate climate changes as large as those …

Terrestrial ecosystems have encountered substantial warming over the past century, with
temperatures increasing about twice as rapidly over land as over the oceans. Here, we …

The magnitude of global cooling during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, the coldest
multimillennial interval of the last glacial period) is an important constraint for evaluating …

Impacts of global climate change on terrestrial ecosystems are imperfectly constrained by
ecosystem models and direct observations. Pervasive ecosystem transformations occurred …

The alkenone‐based U proxy is a cornerstone of paleoclimatology, providing insight into the
temperature history of the Earth's surface ocean. Although the relationship between U and …

We present a new reconstruction of surface air temperature and sea surface temperature for
the Last Glacial Maximum. The method blends model fields and sparse proxy-based point …