Organisms have constant contact with potentially harmful agents that can compromise their
fitness. However, most of the times these agents fail to cause serious disease by virtue of the …

Symbioses between animals and microbes are ubiquitous, and often have drastic fitness
effects on both parties. A rapidly growing body of research now shows that many of these …

Some plants are able to accumulate on their leaves metals taken from the soil, using this as
a defence against herbivorous arthropods. However, herbivore response to metal …

Microbiomes are involved in most vital processes, such as immune response, detoxification,
and digestion and are thereby elementary to organismal functioning and ultimately the host's …

Arthropods are often infected with Wolbachia inducing cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI),
whereby crosses between uninfected females and infected males yield unviable fertilized …

Intense selection pressure from parasites on free-living animals has resulted in behavioral
adaptations that help potential hosts avoid sources of infection. In primates, such “behavioral …

Accumulation of heavy metals by plants can serve as a defence against herbivory.
Herbivores, in turn, may avoid feeding on contaminated tissues. Such avoidance, however …

Brevipalpus yothersi é vetor do citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C, Cilevirus leprosis), o agente
causal da leprose, principal doença viral dos citros no Brasil e em alguns países das …

Our world is amazingly heterogeneous; from open landscapes to closed forests, from
lowlands to highlands, and from arid plains to swamps. Different species adapt to these …

Plant quality for herbivores depends on plant characteristics (eg nutrients and defences),
abiotic conditions (eg metal contamination) and the presence of competitors and …