Background: Among his major cardiac electrophysiological contributions, Miles Vaughan
Williams (1918–2016) provided a classification of antiarrhythmic drugs that remains central …

Cardiac arrhythmias are among the leading causes of mortality. They often arise from
alterations in the electrophysiological properties of cardiac cells and their underlying ionic …

The function of a cell is defined by its intrinsic characteristics and its niche: the tissue
microenvironment in which it dwells. Here we combine single-cell and spatial …

Chitosan and its derivatives can be called environmental purification functional materials as
they can effectively control the growth and reproduction of hazardous bacteria and also …

Cardiac arrhythmia is a condition when the heart rate is irregular either the beat is too slow
or too fast. It occurs due to improper electrical impulses that coordinates the heart beats …

Abstract This Committee Report provides methodological, interpretive, and reporting
guidance for researchers who use measures of heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability …

Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels comprise a small
subfamily of proteins within the superfamily of pore-loop cation channels. In mammals, the …

Ion channels on the surface membrane of sinoatrial nodal pacemaker cells (SANCs) are the
proximal cause of an action potential. Each individual channel type has been thoroughly …

The cardiac conduction system (CCS) consists of distinctive components that initiate and
conduct the electrical impulse required for the coordinated contraction of the cardiac …

The heartbeat originates within the sinoatrial node (SAN), a small structure containing<
10,000 genuine pacemaker cells. If the SAN fails, the∼ 5 billion working cardiomyocytes …