The atmosphere of the Archean eon—one-third of Earth's history—is important for
understanding the evolution of our planet and Earth-like exoplanets. New geological proxies …

Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for all life on Earth and it acts as a major control on
biological productivity in the modern ocean. Accurate reconstructions of the evolution of life …

Chemostratigraphy has diverse applications to investigating the rock record, such as
reconstructing paleoenvironments, determining the tectonic setting of sedimentary basins …

This article examines the geological evidence for the rise of atmospheric oxygen and the
origin of oxygenic photosynthesis. The evidence for the rise of atmospheric oxygen places a …

Nitrogen isotope compositions in sedimentary rocks (d 15 N sed) are routinely used for
reconstructing Cenozoic N-biogeochemical cycling and are also being increasingly applied …

How the Earth stayed warm several billion years ago when the Sun was considerably fainter
is the long-standing problem of the 'faint young Sun paradox'. Because of negligible O2 and …

The stable isotope record of marine carbon indicates that the Proterozoic Eon began and
ended with extreme fluctuations in the carbon cycle. In both the Paleoproterozoic [2500 to …

The Phanerozoic consists of three mutually exclusive climate states: Icehouse, Greenhouse,
and Hothouse. The Greenhouse is the default state, representing> 70% of the Phanerozoic …

Earth's marine nitrogen cycle has co-evolved with life and redox conditions over geological
time. In this Review, we provide an account of nitrogen cycling in the world's oceans over the …

Nitrogen isotope ratios in ancient sedimentary rocks are generally interpreted as a proxy for
metabolic nitrogen pathways and the redox state of the water column. Fractionation …