Pain is a multidimensional experience with sensory-discriminative, affective-motivational,
and cognitive-evaluative components. Pain aversiveness is one principal cause of suffering …

It is proposed that a cognitive map encoding the relationships between entities in the world
supports flexible behavior, but the majority of the neural evidence for such a system comes …

Memories of fearful events can last a lifetime. The prelimbic (PL) cortex, a subregion of
prefrontal cortex, plays a critical role in fear memory retrieval over time. Most studies have …

We live in a world that is largely socially constructed, and we are constantly involved in and
fundamentally influenced by a broad array of complex social interactions. Social behaviors …

Tremendous progress has been made since Neuron published our Primer on genetic
dissection of neural circuits 10 years ago. Since then, cell-type-specific anatomical …

Recent progress in fluorescence imaging allows neuroscientists to observe the dynamics of
thousands of individual neurons, identified genetically or by their connectivity, across …

Learned fear often relapses after extinction, suggesting that extinction training generates a
new memory that coexists with the original fear memory; however, the mechanisms …

Emotions are one of the most apparent and important aspects of our lives, yet have
remained one of the most enigmatic to explain scienti cally. On the one hand, nothing seems …

Ca 2+ imaging techniques permit time-lapse recordings of neuronal activity from large
populations over weeks. However, without identifying the same neurons across imaging …

The ability to extinguish conditioned fear memory is critical for adaptive control of fear
response, and its impairment is a hallmark of emotional disorders like post-traumatic stress …