Balanced immunity is pivotal for health and homeostasis. CD4+ helper T (Th) cells are
central to the balance between immune tolerance and immune rejection. Th cells adopt …

T-regulatory cells (Tregs) represent a unique subpopulation of helper T-cells by maintaining
immune equilibrium using various mechanisms. The role of T-cell receptors (TCR) in …

Tissue injury triggers a complex series of cellular responses, starting from inflammation
activated by tissue and cell damage and proceeding to healing. By clearing cell debris …

Abstract The FOXP3+ CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells located in non-lymphoid tissues differ
in phenotype and function from their lymphoid organ counterparts. Tissue Treg cells have …

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe, progressive, and ultimately fatal disease
of skeletal muscle wasting, respiratory insufficiency, and cardiomyopathy. The identification …

The response of immune cells in cardiac injury is divided into three continuous phases:
inflammation, proliferation and maturation. The kinetics of the inflammatory and proliferation …

Unaccustomed exercise consisting of eccentric (ie, lengthening) muscle contractions often
results in muscle damage characterized by ultrastructural alterations in muscle tissue …

Diseases of muscle that are caused by pathological interactions between muscle and the
immune system are devastating, but rare. However, muscle injuries that involve trauma and …

Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is characterized by symptoms that present both
immediately and for up to 14 days after the initial exercise bout. The main consequence of …

Skeletal muscle regeneration is a complex process orchestrated by multiple steps. Recent
findings indicate that inflammatory responses could play central roles in bridging initial …