Base editing—the introduction of single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) into DNA or RNA in
living cells—is one of the most recent advances in the field of genome editing. As around …

The ever-expanding set of CRISPR technologies and their programmable RNA-guided
nucleases exhibit remarkable flexibility in DNA targeting. However, this flexibility comes with …

Bacterial toxins represent a vast reservoir of biochemical diversity that can be repurposed for
biomedical applications. Such proteins include a group of predicted interbacterial toxins of …

CRISPR–Cas9 as a programmable genome editing tool is hindered by off-target DNA
cleavage,,–, and the underlying mechanisms by which Cas9 recognizes mismatches are …

Abstract The 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Emmanuelle Charpentier and
Jennifer Doudna for the development of the Clustered regularly interspaced short …

The RNA-guided endonuclease Cas9 cleaves its target DNA and is a powerful genome-
editing tool. However, the widely used Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 enzyme (SpCas9) …

Genome editing (GE) has revolutionized biological research through the new ability to
precisely edit the genomes of living organisms. In recent years, various GE tools have been …

In bacteria and archaea, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
(CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins constitute an adaptive immune system …

Highlights•Two classes of CRISPR-Cas systems differ by the architectures of effector
modules.•Effectors of Class 2 CRISPR-Cas systems are large, multidomain proteins.•Effector …

The application of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) for
genetic manipulation has revolutionized life science over the past few years. CRISPR was …