Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a necessary task for assessing to which degree
the industrial period is unusual against the background of pre-industrial climate variability. It …

History and archaeology have a well-established engagement with issues of premodern
societal development and the interaction between physical and cultural environments; …

We present seasonal precipitation reconstructions for European land areas (30° W to 40°
E/30–71° N; given on a 0.5°× 0.5° resolved grid) covering the period 1500–1900 together …

Monthly temperature series for Central Europe back to AD 1500 are developed from
documentary index series from Germany, Switzerland and the Czech Republic (1500–1854) …

Data assimilation techniques are becoming increasingly popular for climate reconstruction.
They benefit from estimating past climate states from both observation information and from …

Climatic variations at decadal scales such as phases of accelerated warming or weak
monsoons have profound effects on society and economy. Studying these variations …

The chapter presents the results of analyses made on the basis of daily homogeneous
series of maximum, minimum, and average temperature data originating from 58 …

Weather‐and climate‐related hazards are responsible for monetary losses, material
damages, and societal consequences. Quantifying related risks is, therefore, an important …

The article comprises an analysis of the spatial distribution, and variability of air temperature
in Poland in the years 1961–2018. It was found that the mean increase in air temperature …

The history of drought occurrence in Poland in the last millennium is poorly known. To
improve this knowledge we have conducted a comprehensive analysis using both proxy …