Nonclinical testing has served as a foundation for evaluating potential risks and
effectiveness of investigational new drugs in humans. However, the current two‐dimensional …

The history of drug metabolism began in the 19th Century and developed slowly. In the mid-
20th Century the relationship between drug metabolism and toxicity became appreciated …

Background Conventional preclinical models often miss drug toxicities, meaning the harm
these drugs pose to humans is only realized in clinical trials or when they make it to market …

The use and production of chemical compounds are subjected to strong legislative pressure.
Chemical toxicity and adverse effects derived from exposure to chemicals are key regulatory …

Anthracycline-induced liver injury (AILI) is becoming an increasingly serious and potential
clinical complication and is linked to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and …

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI), believed to be a multifactorial toxicity, has been a leading
cause of attrition of small molecules during discovery, clinical development, and …

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a common cause of attrition in drug discovery and
development and drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a leading cause of preclinical and …

Liver microphysiological systems (MPSs) are promising models for predicting hepatic drug
effects. Yet, after a decade since their introduction, MPSs are not routinely used in drug …

One of the major mechanisms of drug-induced liver injury includes mitochondrial
perturbation and dysfunction. This is not a surprise, given that mitochondria are essential …

Overall, 12% of the global population (800 million) suffers from liver disease, which causes 2
million deaths every year. Liver injury involving characteristic reactive oxygen/nitrogen …