Dispersal costs can be classified into energetic, time, risk and opportunity costs and may be
levied directly or deferred during departure, transfer and settlement. They may equally be …

Publisher Summary The chapter begins with an overview of cost of living based on field
metabolic rates of small mammals. The chapter then goes on to discuss the importance of …

Avian fat storage is associated with both benefits and costs. Although the benefits of
maintaining higher energetic reserves have long been considered, the associated costs …

Billions of songbirds migrate between continents twice each year, but the energy costs of
this feat have never been measured for free-flying individuals. Here we follow New World …

Unlike exercising mammals, migratory birds fuel very high intensity exercise (eg, flight) with
fatty acids delivered from the adipose tissue to the working muscles by the circulatory …

The first comprehensive review of all aspects of the biology of moult, drawing information
from across the literature and in all birds, from penguins to passerines. Feathers are …

Shorebirds are the most visible inhabitants of coastal wetlands worldwide. Many undertake
spectacularly long flights between their wintering and breeding grounds, embodying the …

Bird flight has always intrigued mankind. This book provides an up to date account of our
existing knowledge on the subject, as well as offering new insights and challenging some …

(1) Brood reductions and enlargements were carried out in kestrel nests to evaluate the
consequences of raising different numbers of nestlings for both the offspring and the …

The speed of birds in flap** flight is a behavioural attribute that, when interpreted in the
light of optimization theory, may provide important implications about the limitations in time …