Abstract 4D (bio‐) printing endows 3D printed (bio‐) materials with multiple functionalities
and dynamic properties. 4D printed materials have been recently used in biomedical …

The concept of four-dimensional (4D) printing emerged from the addition of the time
dimension into the more established additive manufacturing (AM) methods, namely 3D …

Moiré superlattices formed by twisted stacking in van der Waals materials have emerged as
a new platform for exploring the physics of strongly correlated materials and other emergent …

Covalently bonded ceramics exhibit preeminent properties—including hardness, strength,
chemical inertness, and resistance against heat and corrosion—yet their wider application is …

The rapid development of 3D printing has led to considerable progress in the field of
biomedical engineering. Notably, 4D printing provides a potential strategy to achieve a time …

Abstract 4D printing is an emerging field in additive manufacturing of time responsive
programmable materials. The combination of 3D printing technologies with materials that …

Elastocaloric cooling, a solid-state cooling technology, exploits the latent heat released and
absorbed by stress-induced phase transformations. Hysteresis associated with …

Ferroelectrics are usually inflexible oxides that undergo brittle deformation. We synthesized
freestanding single-crystalline ferroelectric barium titanate (BaTiO3) membranes with a …

Ceramics are considered intrinsically brittle at room temperature, which is mainly attributed
to the limited availability of crystallographic slips and pre-existing geometrical flaws …

The concept of 4D printing is its formation of complex three-dimensional structures that have
the ability to adopt different shapes and forms when subjected to different environmental …