Tropospheric anthropogenic aerosols contribute the second-largest forcing to climate
change, but with high uncertainty owing to their spatio-temporal variability and complicated …

We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of
atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes …

This planetary boundaries framework update finds that six of the nine boundaries are
transgressed, suggesting that Earth is now well outside of the safe operating space for …

Short‑lived climate forcers (SLCFs) affect climate and are, in most cases, also air pollutants.
They include aerosols (sulphate, nitrate, ammonium, carbonaceous aerosols, mineral dust …

Improved knowledge of glacial-to-interglacial global temperature change yields Charney
(fast-feedback) equilibrium climate sensitivity 1.2±0.3° C (2σ) per W/m2, which is 4.8° C±1.2° …

Microplastics are now recognized as widespread contaminants in the atmosphere, where,
due to their small size and low density, they can be transported with winds around the …

Global aviation operations contribute to anthropogenic climate change via a complex set of
processes that lead to a net surface warming. Of importance are aviation emissions of …

This work documents version two of the Department of Energy's Energy Exascale Earth
System Model (E3SM). E3SMv2 is a significant evolution from its predecessor E3SMv1 …

The effective radiative forcing, which includes the instantaneous forcing plus adjustments
from the atmosphere and surface, has emerged as the key metric of evaluating human and …

Restrictions to reduce human interaction have helped to avoid greater suffering and death
from the COVID-19 pandemic, but have also created socioeconomic hardship. This …