The conjugation of biomolecules can impart materials with the bioactivity necessary to
modulate specific cell behaviors. While the biological roles of particular polypeptide …

While grounded in the hard sciences of physics, chemistry, geology, and astronomy, as well
as well-accepted principles in the life sciences, astrobiology remains the most speculative of …

The evolutional development of the RNA translation process that leads to protein synthesis
based on naturally occurring amino acids has its continuation via synthetic biology, the so …

Chemical modification of proteins in living cells permits valuable glimpses into the molecular
interactions that underpin dynamic cellular events. While genetic engineering methods are …

Background The standard genetic code (SGC) is a unique set of rules which assign amino
acids to codons. Similar amino acids tend to have similar codons indicating that the code …

The investigation of protein structures, functions and interactions often requires
modifications to adapt protein properties to the specific application. Among many possible …

The expansion of the genetic code consisting of four bases and 20 amino acids into diverse
building blocks has been an exciting topic in synthetic biology. Many biochemical …

The main goal of synthetic biology (SB) is the creation of biodiversity applicable for
biotechnological needs, while xenobiology (XB) aims to expand the framework of natural …

The field of proteomics has expanded recently with more sensitive techniques for the bulk
measurement of peptides as well as single-molecule techniques. One limiting factor for …

Synthesis of proteins with noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) enables the creation of protein-
based biomaterials with diverse new chemical properties that may be attractive for material …