One leading hypothesis suggests that memories are stored in ensembles of neurons (or
'engram cells') and that successful recall involves reactivation of these ensembles. A logical …

Pioneering research studies, beginning with those using Drosophila, have identified several
molecular and cellular mechanisms for active forgetting. The currently known mechanisms …

An inhibitory extracellular milieu and neuron-intrinsic processes prevent axons from
regenerating in the adult central nervous system (CNS). Here we show how the two aspects …

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an important regulator of synaptic transmission
and long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus and in other brain regions, playing a …

The Rho family of GTPases belongs to the Ras superfamily of low molecular weight (∼ 21
kDa) guanine nucleotide binding proteins. The most extensively studied members are RhoA …

Rho GTPases are molecular switches that control a wide variety of signal transduction
pathways in all eukaryotic cells. They are known principally for their pivotal role in regulating …

Chronic pain is a major challenge to clinical practice and basic science. The peripheral and
central neural networks that mediate nociception show extensive plasticity in pathological …

During the past decade enormous advances have been made in our understanding of the
basic molecular machinery that is involved in the development of neuronal polarity. Far from …

Context Our genome adapts to environmental influences, in part through epigenetic
mechanisms, including DNA methylation. Variations in the quality of the early environment …

Much evidence indicates that, after learning, memories are created by alterations in
glutamate-dependent excitatory synaptic transmission. These modifications are then actively …