Abstract English is the dominant language in the study of human cognition and behavior: the
individuals studied by cognitive scientists, as well as most of the scientists themselves, are …

Prediction is often regarded as an integral aspect of incremental language comprehension,
but little is known about the cognitive architectures and mechanisms that support it. We …

Based on the analysis of 190 studies (18,573 participants), we estimate that the average
silent reading rate for adults in English is 238 words per minute (wpm) for non-fiction and …

Theories of reading comprehension have widely predicted a role for syntactic skills, or the
ability to understand and manipulate the structure of a sentence. Yet, these theories are …

The ability to rapidly and systematically access knowledge stored in long‐term memory in
response to incoming sensory information—that is, to derive meaning from the world—lies at …

People undergo many idiosyncratic experiences throughout their lives that may contribute to
individual differences in the size and structure of their knowledge representations …

This review provides an update on what we know about differences in prediction in a first
and second language after several years of extensive research. It shows when L1/L2 …

There is ample evidence that language users, including second language (L2) speakers,
can predict upcoming information during listening and reading. Yet it is still unclear when …

As one of the most specific, yet most diverse of human behaviors, language is shaped by
both genomic and extra-genomic evolution. Sharing methods and models between these …

The language comprehension system preferentially assumes that agents come first during
incremental processing. While this might reflect a biologically fixed bias, shared with other …