The human innate and adaptive immune systems consist of effector cells producing
cytokines (interleukins, interferons, chemokines, and numerous other mediators). Usually, a …

The zoonotic SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 continues to spread worldwide, with
devastating consequences. While the medical community has gained insight into the …

The description of a so-called cytokine storm in patients with COVID-19 has prompted
consideration of anti-cytokine therapies, particularly interleukin-6 antagonists. However …

Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the most formidable challenge to …

Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been a global pandemic for more
than 2 years and it still impacts our daily lifestyle and quality in unprecedented ways. A …

Limited knowledge is available on the relationship between antigen-specific immune
responses and COVID-19 disease severity. We completed a combined examination of all …

Circulating concentrations of the pleiotropic cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) are known to be
increased in pro-inflammatory critical care syndromes, such as sepsis and acute respiratory …

Severe SARS-CoV-2 infections are characterized by lymphopenia, but the mechanisms
involved are still elusive. Based on our knowledge of HIV pathophysiology, we hypothesized …

Introduction Hospitalised patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a result of
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection have a high …

The introduction of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) into the
human population represents a tremendous medical and economic crisis. Innate immunity …