Considering sex as a biological variable will require a global shift in science culture
For over half a century, male rodents have been the default model organism in preclinical
neuroscience research, a convention that has likely contributed to higher rates of …
neuroscience research, a convention that has likely contributed to higher rates of …
Sex and gender analysis improves science and engineering
The goal of sex and gender analysis is to promote rigorous, reproducible and responsible
science. Incorporating sex and gender analysis into experimental design has enabled …
science. Incorporating sex and gender analysis into experimental design has enabled …
An analysis of neuroscience and psychiatry papers published from 2009 and 2019 outlines opportunities for increasing discovery of sex differences
Sex differences exist in many neurological and psychiatric diseases, but these have not
always been addressed adequately in research. In order to address this, it is necessary to …
always been addressed adequately in research. In order to address this, it is necessary to …
Sex differences in immunity to viral infections
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has increased awareness about sex-specific differences
in immunity and outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Strong evidence of a male bias …
in immunity and outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Strong evidence of a male bias …
Sex differences in the burden of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk across the life course
By 2017 estimates, diabetes mellitus affects 425 million people globally; approximately 90–
95% of these have type 2 diabetes. This narrative review highlights two domains of sex …
95% of these have type 2 diabetes. This narrative review highlights two domains of sex …
Reproducibility of animal research in light of biological variation
Context-dependent biological variation presents a unique challenge to the reproducibility of
results in experimental animal research, because organisms' responses to experimental …
results in experimental animal research, because organisms' responses to experimental …
[HTML][HTML] Sex differences in stress-related alcohol use
Rates of alcohol use disorder (AUD) have increased in women by 84% over the past ten
years relative to a 35% increase in men. This substantive increase in female drinking is …
years relative to a 35% increase in men. This substantive increase in female drinking is …
Sex as a biological variable: a 5-year progress report and call to action
ME Arnegard, LA Whitten, C Hunter… - Journal of Women's …, 2020 - liebertpub.com
A little over 5 years ago, the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced the intention
to develop policies to require applicants to report plans to balance male and female cells …
to develop policies to require applicants to report plans to balance male and female cells …
A 10-year follow-up study of sex inclusion in the biological sciences
In 2016, to address the historical overrepresentation of male subjects in biomedical
research, the US National Institutes of Health implemented a policy requiring investigators to …
research, the US National Institutes of Health implemented a policy requiring investigators to …
[HTML][HTML] The role of estrogen in insulin resistance: a review of clinical and preclinical data
Insulin resistance results when peripheral tissues, including adipose, skeletal muscle, and
liver, do not respond appropriately to insulin, causing the ineffective uptake of glucose. This …
liver, do not respond appropriately to insulin, causing the ineffective uptake of glucose. This …