Researchers often lack the necessary data to credibly estimate racial discrimination in
policing. In particular, police administrative records lack information on civilians police …

John Gerring's exceptional textbook has been thoroughly revised in this second edition. It
offers a one-volume introduction to social science methodology relevant to the disciplines of …

Researchers need to select high-quality research designs and communicate those designs
clearly to readers. Both tasks are difficult. We provide a framework for formally “declaring” …

This paper surveys graphical tools developed in the past three decades that are applicable
to linear structural equation models (SEMs). These tools permit researchers to answer key …

The statistical and econometrics literature on causality is more focused on" effects of causes"
than on" causes of effects." That is, in the standard approach it is natural to study the effect of …

There are three prevailing theories of mortgage default: strategic default (driven by negative
equity), cash flow default (driven by negative life events), and double-trigger default (where …

Counterfactual inference aims to answer retrospective" what if" questions and thus belongs
to the most fine-grained type of inference in Pearl's causality ladder. Existing methods for …

There are three prevailing theories of mortgage default: strategic default (driven by negative
equity), cash-flow default (driven by negative life events), and doubletrigger default (where …

This article summarizes a conceptual framework and simple mathematical methods of
estimating the probability that one event was a necessary cause of another, as interpreted …

Suppose X and Y are binary exposure and outcome variables, and we have full knowledge
of the distribution of Y, given application of X. We are interested in assessing whether an …