In this book John A. Hawkins argues that major patterns of variation across languages are
structured by general principles of efficiency in language use and communication. Evidence …

In this chapter I explore the kinds of variation-defining universals that Greenberg introduced
in his seminal 1963 paper on word order. They took the form of implicational statements: if a …

This study investigates the on-line processing of scrambled sentences in Japanese by
preschool children and adults using a combination of self-paced listening and speeded …

We report a fragment-completion questionnaire and a self-paced reading experiment
investigating relative clauses in Japanese that contain two extraction sites in the same …

The syntactic movement of scrambled Japanese sentences is often attributed to pre-head
anticipatory processing prior to reading the head verb. However, previous studies have not …

Previous studies have shown that the filler-gap dependencies are processed incrementally
in both English and Japanese. In the case of relative clauses (RC), unlike English, the gap …

Abstract Language processing heuristics are one of the possible sources of divergence
between first and second language systems. The Shallow Structure Hypothesis …

As native speakers acquire their language, the mental lexicon is developed and stored in
their brains. The process of retrieving the meaning of a certain item from the mental lexicon …

This study argues that second language (L2) learners are capable of syntactic gap
processing under moderate computational demand, but not when the computational load is …

This chapter presents an approach to cross‐linguistic variation and typology that is very
much in this tradition. It begins by defining Performance–Grammar Correspondence …