Herbivorous insects use diverse feeding strategies to obtain nutrients from their host plants.
Rather than acting as passive victims in these interactions, plants respond to herbivory with …

Plants synthesize and emit a large variety of volatile organic compounds with terpenoids
and fatty-acid derivatives the dominant classes. Whereas some volatiles are probably …

Jasmonate (JA) is a lipid-derived hormone that regulates diverse aspects of plant immunity
and development. An amino acid-conjugated form of JA, jasmonoyl–isoleucine (JA–Ile) …

Induced systemic resistance (ISR) of plants against pathogens is a widespread
phenomenon that has been intensively investigated with respect to the underlying signalling …

Many plants interact with carnivores as an indirect defence against herbivores. The release
of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the secretion of extrafloral nectar (EFN) are …

Plants emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that play important roles in their interaction
with the environment and have a major impact on atmospheric chemistry. The development …

Herbivorous and carnivorous arthropods use plant volatiles when foraging for food. In
response to herbivory, plants emit a blend that may be quantitatively and qualitatively …

The Arabidopsis opr3 mutant is defective in the isoform of 12-oxo-phytodienoate (OPDA)
reductase required for jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis. Oxylipin signatures of wounded opr3 …

Indirect responses are defensive strategies by which plants attract natural enemies of their
herbivores that act as plant defending agents. Such defences can be either constitutively …

In higher plants, biotic stress (eg, herbivore or pathogen attack) as well as abiotic stress (in
particular heavy metals) often induce the synthesis and accumulation of the same defense …