Cancer development and its response to therapy are regulated by inflammation, which
either promotes or suppresses tumor progression, potentially displaying opposing effects on …

The current understanding of lactate extends from its origins as a byproduct of glycolysis to
its role in tumor metabolism, as identified by studies on the Warburg effect. The lactate …

In recent years, immunotherapy represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has led
to unprecedented breakthroughs in cancer treatment. However, the fact that many tumors …

Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, but efficacy remains limited in most
clinical settings. Cancer is a systemic disease that induces many functional and …

Abstract The international American Joint Committee on Cancer/Union for International
Cancer Control (AJCC/UICC) tumour-node-metastasis (TNM) staging system provides the …

Cancer development and progression occurs in concert with alterations in the surrounding
stroma. Cancer cells can functionally sculpt their microenvironment through the secretion of …

Ferroptosis is a non-apoptotic form of regulated cell death that is triggered by the
discoordination of regulatory redox mechanisms culminating in massive peroxidation of …

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogenic population of immature
myeloid cells with immunosuppressive effects, which undergo massive expansion during …

Neutrophils play a key role in defence against infection and in the activation and regulation
of innate and adaptive immunity. In cancer, tumour-associated neutrophils (TANs) have …

Tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells (TIMs) are crucial cell populations involved in tumor immune
escape, and their functions are regulated by multiple epigenetic mechanisms. The precise …